Opening of the Energy Market

The French energy market opened to residential consumers on 1 July 2007, giving every household the right to choose its electricity and gas supplier. Nearly two decades later in 2026, the electricity regulated tariff (TRV) still coexists with dozens of market offers, while gas regulated tariffs ended on 30 June 2023. This guide explains how liberalisation reshaped the market and what it means for consumers today.

> **Key takeaways**

> - Market liberalisation reached households on 1 July 2007 under EU directives.

> - The electricity TRV still exists in 2026; the gas TRV ended in June 2023.

> - Suppliers are separate from network operators Enedis (electricity) and GRDF (gas).

> - Switching supplier is free, with no power interruption, at any time.

> - The Médiateur national de l'énergie offers free dispute resolution.

The History of Market Opening

The energy market in France was long a state monopoly. EDF for electricity and GDF (now Engie) for natural gas were the only authorized suppliers. This situation changed progressively under the impetus of European directives. For more on the energy market in France, explore our complete guides.

The Stages of Liberalization

1999-2000: Opening for very large industrial consumers (more than 100 GWh/year for electricity).

2004: Extension to all professionals and local authorities.

July 1, 2007: Key date for individuals. All consumers, including households, can now freely choose their electricity and gas supplier.

Why This Opening?

The objectives of liberalization were multiple: stimulate competition to lower prices, encourage innovation in offers, and build an integrated European energy market.

What Changed for Consumers

Freedom of Choice

Before 2007, you had no choice: EDF for electricity, GDF for gas. Today, dozens of suppliers offer their services. You can choose according to your criteria: price, customer service, environmental commitment, etc.

Market Offers

Alongside the regulated tariff (maintained for electricity, abolished for gas in 2023), suppliers offer various market offers: fixed prices, indexed prices, green offers, connected offers, etc.

Simplicity of Switching

Switching suppliers has become a simple and free process. No interruption, no meter change, no fees. Your new supplier takes care of everything, including termination with the old one.

Market Players Today

Historical Suppliers

**EDF** remains the leading electricity supplier in France, with a monopoly on the regulated tariff.

**Engie** (formerly GDF Suez) is the historical gas supplier and also offers electricity.

Alternative Suppliers

Many players have entered the market: TotalEnergies, Eni, Vattenfall, ekWateur, Mint Energy, Ohm Energy, and many others. Some are subsidiaries of large groups, others are independent companies.

Network Managers

It's important to distinguish suppliers from network managers. Enedis (electricity) and GRDF (gas) manage the distribution network regardless of your supplier. They are responsible for transmission, the meter, and technical interventions.

Consumer Guarantees

Continuity of Service

Regardless of your supplier, you benefit from the same quality of electricity or gas. It's the network that ensures transmission, not the supplier.

Return to the Regulated Tariff

For electricity, you can return to the EDF regulated tariff at any time if you are with an alternative supplier.

Supplier of Last Resort

In case of supplier failure (bankruptcy, for example), a "backup supply" mechanism guarantees you won't be cut off.

The Energy Mediator

This independent public service can help you free of charge in case of dispute with your supplier.

Assessment and Outlook

Possible but Not Guaranteed Savings

Competition has allowed the emergence of offers cheaper than the regulated tariff. However, the 2022-2023 energy crisis showed the limits of the system: some suppliers went bankrupt, others sharply increased their prices.

The Importance of Vigilance

The free market requires increased consumer vigilance. You must compare offers, read contractual conditions, and monitor price changes.

Future Developments

The market continues to evolve with new offers (dynamic pricing, collective self-consumption, etc.) and new European regulations.

Frequently Asked Questions

When did the French energy market open to households?

On 1 July 2007. Before that, EDF held a monopoly on electricity supply and GDF (now Engie) on gas. The opening was a requirement of European Union energy directives transposed into French law.

Does the regulated electricity tariff still exist in 2026?

Yes. The TRV (Tarif Réglementé de Vente d'Électricité) remains available in 2026, sold by EDF and local distribution companies. The CRE proposes the price and the government sets it by decree.

When did the gas regulated tariff end?

The gas TRV ended on 30 June 2023, following Conseil d'État rulings and EU liberalisation directives. All gas customers now hold market offers, and the CRE publishes a monthly "prix repère" benchmark.

What is the difference between a supplier and a network operator?

The supplier sells you electricity or gas and sends your bill. The network operator — Enedis for electricity, GRDF for gas — manages the physical infrastructure regardless of your supplier. Switching supplier does not change your meter or wiring.

What happens if my supplier goes bankrupt?

A "supplier of last resort" mechanism guarantees continuous supply. EDF takes over electricity customers and a designated gas supplier handles gas customers, with no interruption of service.

How does the Médiateur national de l'énergie help?

The Médiateur is a free, independent public body that mediates disputes between consumers and energy suppliers. You can refer your case after a prior written complaint to the supplier went unresolved for two months.

Sources and references

This article is informational and may be subject to regulatory updates. Rules and market conditions change over time — check official CRE and energie-info.fr for current details.